Industry refers to the production of an economic good or service within an economy.

Industrial sectors

There are four key industrial economic sectors: the primary sector, largely raw material extraction industries such as mining and farming; the secondary sector, involving refining, construction, and manufacturing; the tertiary sector, which deals with services (such as law and medicine) and distribution of manufactured goods; and the quaternary sector, a relatively new type of knowledge industry focusing on technological research, design and development such as computer programming, and biochemistry. A fifth, ''quinary'', sector has been proposed encompassing nonprofit activities. The economy is also broadly separated into public sector and private sector, with industry generally categorized as private. Industries are also any business or manufacturing. Industries can be classified on the basis of raw materials,size and ownership.

Raw Materials: Industries may be agriculture based, Marine based, Mineral based, Forest based.

Size: It refers to the amount of capital invested, number of people employed and the volume of production.

Ownership: Industries can be classified into private sector, state owned or public sector, joint sector and co-operative sector

Industry in the sense of manufacturing became a key sector of production and labour in European and North American countries during the Industrial Revolution, which upset previous mercantile and feudal economies through many successive rapid advances in technology, such as the steel and coal production. It is aided by technological advances, and has continued to develop into new types and sectors to this day. Industrial countries then assumed a capitalist economic policy. Railroads and steam-powered ships began speedily establishing links with previously unreachable world markets, enabling private companies to develop to then-unheard of size and wealth. Following the Industrial Revolution, perhaps a third of the world's economic output is derived from manufacturing industries—more than agriculture's share.

Many developed countries and many developing/semi-developed countries (People's Republic of China, India etc.) depend significantly on industry. Industries, the countries they reside in, and the economies of those countries are interlinked in a complex web of interdependence.

Industry is divided into four sectors. They are:

!Sector	!Definition
Primary	This involves the extraction of resources directly from the Earth, this includes farming, mining and logging. They do not process the products at all. They send it off to factories to make a profit.
Secondary	This group is involved in the processing products from primary industries. This includes all factories—those that refine metals, produce furniture, or pack farm products such as meat.
Tertiary	This group is involved in the provision of services. They include teachers, managers and other service providers.
Quaternary	This group is involved in the research of science and technology. They include scientists.

As a country develops people move away from the primary sector to secondary and then to tertiary.

There are many other different kinds of industries, and often organized into different classes or sectors by a variety of industrial classifications.

Industry classification systems used by the government commonly divide industry into three sectors: agriculture, manufacturing, and services. The primary sector of industry is agriculture, mining and raw material extraction. The secondary sector of industry is manufacturing. The tertiary sector of industry is service production. Sometimes, one talks about a quaternary sector of industry, consisting of intellectual services such as research and development (R&D).

Market-based classification systems such as the Global Industry Classification Standard and the Industry Classification Benchmark are used in finance and market research. These classification systems commonly divide industries according to similar functions and markets and identify businesses producing related products.

Industries can also be identified by product: chemical industry, petroleum industry, automotive industry, electronic industry, meatpacking industry, hospitality industry, food industry, fish industry, software industry, paper industry, entertainment industry, semiconductor industry, cultural industry, poverty industry

labor-intensive industry - capital-intensive industry

light industry - heavy industry

Proto-industry

Industrial development

The industrial revolution led to the development of factories for large-scale production, with consequent changes in society. Originally the factories were steam-powered, but later transitioned to electricity once an electrical grid was developed. The mechanized assembly line was introduced to assemble parts in a repeatable fashion, with individual workers performing specific steps during the process. This led to significant increases in efficiency, lowering the cost of the end process. Later automation was increasingly used to replace human operators. This process has accelerated with the development of the computer and the robot.

Declining industries

Historically certain manufacturing industries have gone into a decline due to various economic factors, including the development of replacement technology or the loss of competitive advantage. An example of the former is the decline in carriage manufacturing when the automobile was mass-produced.

A recent trend has been the migration of prosperous, industrialized nations toward a post-industrial society. This is manifested by an increase in the service sector at the expense of manufacturing, and the development of an information-based economy, the so-called informational revolution. In a post-industrial society, manufacturing is relocated to economically more favourable locations through a process of off-shoring.

The major difficulty for people looking to measure manufacturing industries outputs and economic effect is finding a measurement which is stable historically. Traditionally, success has been measured in the number of jobs created. The lowering of employee numbers in the manufacturing sector has been assumed to be caused by a decline in the competitiveness of the sector. The truth however is that it has been caused by the introduction of the lean manufacturing process. Eventually, this will lead to competing product lines being managed by one of two people, as is already the case in the cigarette manufacturing industry.

Related to this change is the upgrading of the quality of the produce being manufactured. While it is easy to produce a low tech, low skill product, the ability to manufacture high quality products is limited to companies with a high skilled staff.

Society

An industrial society can be defined in many ways. Today, industry is an important part of most societies and nations. A government must have some kind of industrial policy, regulating industrial placement, industrial pollution, financing and industrial labor.

Industrial labour

In an industrial society, industry employs a major part of the population. This occurs typically in the manufacturing sector. A labor union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages, hours, and working conditions. The trade union, through its leadership, bargains with the employer on behalf of union members (rank and file members) and negotiates labor contracts with employers. This movement first rose among industrial workers.

War

The industrial revolution changed warfare, with mass-produced weaponry and supplies, machine-powered transportation, mobilization, the total war concept and weapons of mass destruction. Early instances of industrial warfare were the Crimean War and the American Civil War, but its full potential showed during the world wars. See also military-industrial complex, arms industry, military industry and modern warfare.

ISIC

ISIC (Rev.4) stands for International Standard Industrial Classification of all economic activities, the most complete and systematic industrial classification made by United Nations Statistics Division.

ISIC Rev.4 is a standard classification of economic activities arranged so that entities can be classified according to the activity they carry out. The categories of ISIC at the most detailed level (classes) are delineated according to what is, in most countries, the customary combination of activities described in statistical units, and considers the relative importance of the activities included in these classes.

While ISIC Rev.4 continues to use criteria such as input, output and use of the products produced, more emphasis has been given to the character of the production process in defining and delineating ISIC classes.

List of countries by industrial output

+Industrial output in 2010 (Nominal)	! Rank	! Country	! Output in billions of US$
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+Industrial output in 2010 (PPP)	! Rank	! Country	! Output in billions of US$
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See also

North American Industry Classification System

North American Product Classification System

Standard Industrial Classification

Industry information

References

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Coordinates	34°03′″N118°15′″N
name	Carlos Ghosn
birth date	March 09, 1954
birth place	Porto Velho, Brazil
occupation	CEO of Renault and Nissan
spouse	}}

Carlos Ghosn (, born 9 March 1954) is a Brazilian-Lebanese businessman who is currently the Chairman and CEO of Yokohama, Japan-based Nissan and holds the same positions at Paris-based Renault, which together produce more than one in 10 cars worldwide. Ghosn is also Chairman and CEO of the Renault-Nissan Alliance, the strategic partnership overseeing the two companies through a unique cross-shareholding agreement.

For orchestrating one of the decade's most aggressive downsizing campaigns and spearheading the turnaround of Nissan from near bankruptcy in the late 1990s, Ghosn earned the nicknames "le cost killer" and "Mr. Fix It." After the Nissan financial turnaround, he achieved celebrity status and ranks as one of the 50 most famous men in global business and politics. In Japan, he is the superhero protagonist in a popular "manga" comic book series. His polemical decision to spend $5 billion to develop the world's first mainstream electric car, the Nissan Leaf, is a subject of the 2011 documentary "Revenge of the Electric Car."

Personal life

Ghosn was born in Porto Velho, Brazil on 9 March 1954 to a French mother and Lebanese father. At age 6, he moved to Beirut, Lebanon, with his mother. He completed his secondary school studies there, in a Jesuit school (Collège Notre-Dame de Jamhour). Then he completed his classes préparatoires at Lycée Stanislas in Paris. He graduated with engineering degrees from the École Polytechnique in 1978 (X1974) with the final year's specialisation at the École des Mines de Paris. He is a both a Brazilian and French citizen. Ghosn is multilingual and speaks at least four languages.

He has attracted controversy for his candor and for his demanding and sometimes confrontational style. He has also drawn criticism for investing heavily in developing economies, including Brazil, Russia, Korea, India and in particular China, where Nissan is now the No. 1 Japanese carmaker. (By contrast, more traditional automakers focus on wealthy markets such as North America and Western Europe, which are seen as less risky bets.) His strategy for penetrating emerging markets includes selling cars with sticker prices under $3,000 and successfully commercializing affordable zero-emission vehicles: "If you're going to let developing countries have as many cars as they want -- and they're going to have as many cars as they want one way or another -- there is no absolutely alternative but to go for zero emissions. And the only zero-emissions vehicle available today is electric.... So we decided to go for it," he told the University of Pennsylvania's Wharton School of Business.

Ghosn is married and has four children. Ghosn, whom Forbes Magazine called "the hardest-working man in the brutally competitive global car business," splits his time between Paris and Tokyo and logs roughly 150,000 miles in airplanes per year. Japanese media also call him “Seven-Eleven” (“work very hard from early in the morning till late at night”).

Ghosn is often hailed as a potential presidential candidate in Lebanon. In a June 2011 survey by insurance company AXA, Ghosn was ranked seventh in a random poll asking Japanese people, "Which celebrity do you want to run Japan?" (Barack Obama was No. 9, and Japan's own prime minister Naoto Kan was No. 19.) He has so far declined such overtures, saying he has "no political ambitions."

Career

In 1981, Ghosn joined French automotive supplier Michelin as a plant manager in Le Puy, France. In 1984 he was named head of research and development for the company's industrial tire division. One year later, he became chief operating officer of Michelin's South American operations, based in Brazil. In 1990, he was named chairman and chief executive officer of Michelin North America, where he presided over the restructuring of the company after its acquisition of the Uniroyal Goodrich Tire Company. He held those positions until 1996, when Renault hired him as executive vice president responsible for advanced research, car engineering and development, car manufacturing, powertrain operations, purchasing and supervision of Renault activities in South America.

thumb|left|Carlos Ghosn at Nissan’s Honmoku Wharf, a logistics hub about 10 km southeast of Nissan’s global headquarters in Yokohama, July 16 2011.In 1999, Renault purchased a 36.8 percent stake in Nissan. While maintaining his roles at Renault, Ghosn joined Nissan as its chief operating officer in June 1999, became its president in June 2000 and was named chief executive officer in June 2001. When he joined the company, Nissan had debt of $20 billion and only three of its 48 models were generating a profit -- and reversing the company's sinking fortunes was considered "mission impossible.". Ghosn promised to resign if the company did not reach profitability by the end of the year, and claimed that Nissan would have no net debt by 2005. He defied Japanese business etiquette, cut 21,000 Nissan jobs (or 14 percent of total workforce), shut the first of five domestic plants, and auctioned off prized assets such as Nissan's aerospace unit. His radical methods would make him a “target of public outrage,” according to the Wall Street Journal. However, in one year, Nissan's net profit climbed to $2.7 billion from a loss of $6.1 billion in the previous year. Twelve months into his three-year turnaround plan, Ghosn had Nissan back in the black, and within three years it was one of the industry's most profitable auto makers, with operating margins consistently above 9% -- more than twice the industry average.Nissan's operating profit (EBIT, or earnings before interest and taxes) margin increased from 1.38% in FY 2000 to 9.25% in FY 2006,

thumb|right|During a factory visit on 17 May 2011, Nissan CEO Carlos Ghosn pledged the complete rebuilding of the company's engine plant in Iwaki, Japan, which was badly damaged after the March 2011 earthquake.Ghosn, who was the third non-Japanese person to lead a Japanese automaker after Henry Wallace and Mark Fields, who were appointed by Ford to run Mazda -- spearheaded major structural changes at Nissan, dramatically altering the corporate culture. Most notably, he ended Nissan's reliance on an interwoven web of parts suppliers with cross-holdings in Nissan—a Japanese operating model called "keiretsu." The dismantling of Keiretsu earned Ghosn the nickname "Keiretsu killer." He changed the official company language from Japanese to English and included executives from Europe and North America in key global strategy sessions for the first time. For the forcefulness of his initiatives to change the culture at Nissan, Ghosn has been compared with General Douglas MacArthur (the chief of staff of the US Army who radically changed Japan's political and economic structure during the post-World War II occupation).

In May 2005, Ghosn was named president and chief executive officer of Renault. When he assumed the CEO roles at both Renault and Nissan, Ghosn became the world's first person to run two companies on the Fortune Global 500 simultaneously. However, he is not the first person to be CEO of two high-profile companies at once. Steve Jobs, who was CEO of Apple and Pixar simultaneously, was one of several technology entrepreneurs to be at the helm of two companies at the same time. Sergio Marcchione, who is CEO of Italy's Fiat, took over the troubled American carmaker Chrysler in June 2009 and is heading the attempted turnaround of Detroit's smallest carmaker.

In 2005, billionaire investor Kirk Kerkorian acquired a 9.9 percent stake in General Motors and seated one of his representatives on the company's board, then urged GM to investigate a merger with Renault and Nissan with Ghosn as the new chairman of GM. In 2006, GM's embattled management rebuffed the takeover attempt, and by the end of the year Kerkorian's Tracinda Corp. sold most of its GM stock.

Recently he has become one of the most visible leaders in recovery efforts after the Japanese earthquake and tsunami on March 11, 2011, one of the worst natural disasters in modern history. Ghosn was one of the first business executives to travel into Japan's radiation zone, and at his direction Nissan restored operations at its hard-hit Iwaki engine plant weeks ahead of expectations. He has appeared frequently on TV Tokyo to encourage rebuilding. Amidst speculation that automakers will shift production away from Japan, Ghosn has remained committed to building at least 1 million of Nissan's cars and trucks in Japan annually. Ghosn's ambitious recovery timeline -- with complete rebuilding of all damaged plants, and full production expected to be restored by October 2011 -- has put Nissan ahead of competitors such as Toyota.

Popular Culture

Ghosn stars in the 2011 documentary "Revenge of the Electric Car" which follows four men in their quest to build electric cars. Ghosn, who is responsible for the zero-emission Nissan Leaf, is the only protagonist whose company successfully launched a mass-produced EV.

Ghosn's life story was turned into a superhero comic book series in Japan, titled ''The True Story of Carlos Ghosn'' (''カルロス・ゴーン物語―企業再生の答がここにある!!''). It was first serialized in the 2002-01-18 issue of ''Big Comic Superior''. The 7-chapter stories were later published as a separate book in 2002-04 by Shogakukan. The book was written by Yoko Togashi, and illustrated by Takanobu Toda.

Ghosn also has Japanese "bento box" named after him on the menus at some Tokyo restaurants. Bento boxes are popular with businessmen, students and others who want a quick lunch. The Financial Times called the "Carlos Ghosn Bento" a "measure of the extraordinary rise of Mr. Ghosn in Japan that he should be deemed worthy enough to eat. The Japanese take their food seriously and do not welcome foreign intrusions. As such, the 'Ghosn bento' could be seen as a Japanese way of bestowing acceptance upon him."

thumb|right|Carlos Ghosn unveiled the Nissan GT-R at the 2007 Tokyo Motor Show.Ghosn wrote a best-selling business book called "Shift: Inside Nissan's Historic Revival." He was the subject of another business book called "Turnaround: How Carlos Ghosn Rescued Nissan" by David Magee. He also provided strategic business commentary and on-the-job lessons to aspiring managers in a book called "The Ghosn Factor: 24 Inspiring Lessons From Carlos Ghosn, the Most Successful Transitional CEO" by Miguel Rivas-Micoud.

Because of his appearances at auto shows and in the media, Ghosn has become closely identified with two car models in particular—the Nissan Leaf and the Nissan GT-R. The zero-emission Leaf, which Nissan began delivering in late 2010 in the United States and Japan, is the world's first mass-produced electric vehicle. Ghosn authorized more than $5 billion to bring the Leaf (and numerous derivative electric cars based on the Leaf's architecture) to market—a gamble that prompted Business Week to ask whether he was "crazy." The twin-turbo V-6 GT-R, which debuted in 2008, is a $70,000 four-seater sports car. The most affordable "supercar" worldwide has also been dubbed "Ghosn's dream car" because he was considered the biggest champion of the GT-R's development inside of Nissan.

Ghosn is a frequent subject of university thesis papers and essays among business students. Cyberessays has a section dedicated to papers about Ghosn's corporate leadership. One of the more commonly cited thesis papers was written by Koji Nakae of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, whose June 2005 master's thesis compared Ghosn to US General Douglas MacArthur in restructuring Japanese society after World War II.

Awards and recognition

In October 2006, Ghosn was created an Honorary Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire. He may use the postnominal letters KBE, but since he is not a citizen of a Commonwealth realm he cannot use the title "Sir."

In September 2010, CEO Quarterly Magazine listed Carlos Ghosn as one of the "Most Respected CEOs"

In November 2010, Forbes.com listed Carlos Ghosn as one of the "Seven Most Powerful South Americans". He was voted Man of the Year 2003 by ''Fortune'' magazine's Asian edition. In 2004 he was added to the Japan Automotive Hall of Fame.

See also

Steve Jobs, CEO of Apple and formerly of Pixar, one of the few people who also served as CEO of two multinational companies and who led the historic turnaround of Apple Computer.

Lee Iacocca, CEO of Chrysler, who led a turnaround at America's third largest automaker in the early 1980s and was hailed as a presidential candidate in the USA.

Notes

External links

Robert Llewellyn">Video on Interview with Ghosn by Robert Llewellyn

Renault bets on electric - by Sean O'Grady, The Independent.

Renault-Nissan emerges as global giant under Ghosn, by Jorn Madslien, BBC News

Carlos Ghosn Revealed on CNN.com

Detroit News "Nissan CEO: The making of a superstar"

Business Week "A Spin with Carlos Ghosn"

Man Behind the Wheel, Nissan’s Carlos Ghosn speaks to Forward

CEO Hall of Fame: Carlos Ghosn

Category:1954 births Category:Living people Category:Brazilian people of Arab descent Category:Brazilian people of Lebanese descent Category:French people of Lebanese descent Category:French people of Arab descent Category:Brazilian businesspeople Category:Lebanese businesspeople Category:French businesspeople Category:Alumni of the École Polytechnique Category:Chief executives in the automobile industry Category:Renault people Category:Nissan people Category:People from Rondônia Category:People in the automobile industry Category:Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire

ar:كارلوس غصن az:Karlos Gosn de:Carlos Ghosn es:Carlos Ghosn fr:Carlos Ghosn io:Carlos Ghosn it:Carlos Ghosn he:קרלוס גוהן nl:Carlos Ghosn ja:カルロス・ゴーン pl:Carlos Ghosn pt:Carlos Ghosn ru:Гон, Карлос fi:Carlos Ghosn sv:Carlos Ghosn vi:Carlos Ghosn

Coordinates	34°03′″N118°15′″N
name	Dave Hill
background	non_vocal_instrumentalist
birth name	David John Hill
born	April 04, 1946Holbeton, Devon, England
instrument	Guitar, bass guitar, vocals
genre	Glam rock, hard rock
occupation	Musician
years active	1966–present
associated acts	Slade }}

Dave Hill (born David John Hill, 4 April 1946, Holbeton, Devon, England) is an English musician, who is the lead guitarist and backing vocalist in the English glam rock group, Slade. The music journalist, Stuart Maconie, commented "he usually wore a jumpsuit made of the foil that you baste your turkeys in and platforms of oil-rig-derrick height. All of this though paled in comparison with his coffure, a sort of demented tonsure with a great scooping fringe. He looked like a glam rock version of a medieval monk".

Early life

Born in Devon the son of a mechanic, he moved with his parents to Penn, Wolverhampton when he was only a year old. There he attended Springdale Junior school and Highfields Secondary school. He bought his first guitar from a mail order catalogue and received some guitar lessons from a science teacher at his school. He then formed a band called 'The Young Ones' with some school friends. Upon leaving school he worked in an office of the firm Tarmac for over two years.

Slade

He originally played with drummer Don Powell in a band called The Vendors. The Vendors changed their name to The 'N Betweens, met bass player Jimmy Lea and singer Noddy Holder, whereafter Slade was born.

Money was tight when the young Hill started playing, and right-handed guitars were much cheaper than left-handed ones, so even though Hill is left-handed, he played and still plays guitar right-handed. Hill's best known guitar was the "John Birch Superyob" that was built in 1973. The guitar was used by Madness guitarist Chris Foreman in the video for Madness' song Shut Up and is now owned by Marco Pirroni of Adam and the Ants. It became a vital part of Hill's image, just like his huge platform boots, his broad grin, the fringes and the outrageous costumes.

Hill stated he felt his guitar work and costumes helped compliment his apparent lack of stature at only 5" 6'. He could find neat catchy rifts, but surprisingly most often left guitar solos out of Slade's big hits altogether. He wrote an effective instrumental track on Slades 1981 heavy rock LP "Till deaf us do part". Hill once broke an ankle when leaving stage in his 6 inch platform boots. A lively performer on stage, he and Lea helped present Slade's always strong stage presence.

Hill was known as the class clown of the band, and his bizarre costumes and antics led to some friction with the more serious Lea. His Metal Nun outfit being an early seventies infamous example. This led to an alleged show-down in a BBC dressing room before a recording of Top of the Pops where Hill replied to Lea's repeated criticism of his dress by saying ''"You write 'em Jim, I'll sell em!"''. By the 1980s his image had sobered down somewhat helping develop the bands image. He also did not do as well financially from Slade as Lea and Holder, who as the principal songwriters commanded more royalties.

In 1989, Hill and Noddy Holder did a cover version of The Everly Brothers' hit song "Crying in the Rain." They released "Crying In The Rain" as a 7" single and it was backed with "Wild Nites", written by Hill and Bill Hunt, on the Mooncrest label under the group name, Blessings In Disguise, both songs with Holder on lead vocals. In 1991, Hill followed it up with a further Blessings In Disguise single "Chance To Be" / "You're The Reason I'm Strong" - which did not feature Holder. "Chance To Be" was a charity record composed by Daniel Somers and Colin Baines to raise money for Queen Alexandra College for the Blind in Birmingham.

Recent years

Slade finally split up in 1991, but Hill decided to carry the group on as Slade II. Don Powell joined him and the band has continued to this day with various lineups. In 1997 the name of Slade II was shortened back to Slade. The band has released the album ''Keep on Rockin' '', which has also been re-packaged as ''Superyob'', and also as ''Cum On Let's Party!''

He embraced the notion of a yob culture. As well as the references to "Superyob" above, Hill, since a young age used the numberplate "YOB 1" on his cars. The most famous of these was a silver Jensen.

Hill married his wife Jan in Mexico City in the 1970s, and they have three children: Jade, Bibi and Sam. Hill and his wife have embraced the Jehovah's Witnesses faith. They live in Lower Penn, Staffordshire, England, where Hill occasionally teaches music at Lower Penn School and Penn Hall School.

Hill was known to date a number of groupies in the seventies, and dated Sable Starr, Lori Maddox, Queenie Glam and Geraldine Edwards, the inspiration for Penny Lane in '' Almost Famous''. He mentioned in a 2002 interview taking Geraldine Edwards to the Polo Lounge as a celebration of her graduating from high-school in 1975 and throwing a three-day party at the Sunset Marquis Hotel afterwards.

In November 2003, XFM radio producer Karl Pilkington jokingly referred to his girlfriend as looking like Dave Hill out of Slade, on the Ricky Gervais Show, after she had her hair cut.

In December 2005, Hill appeared in the Channel 4 TV documentary, ''Bring Back...The Christmas Number One''.

Dave Hill features in the Slade biographies, Slade by George Tremlet, Feel the Noize by Chris Charlesworth and Holders autobiography Who's Crazee Now.

References

External links

The Dave Hill interview on Rocktopia

Category:1946 births Category:Living people Category:English rock musicians Category:English guitarists Category:Lead guitarists Category:People from Wolverhampton Category:People from Devon Category:English Jehovah's Witnesses

cs:Dave Hill da:Dave Hill pl:Dave Hill ro:Dave Hill fi:Dave Hill